Sir Arthur Conan Doyle :: Biographies Bio Biography

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was something beyond a creator. He was a knight, an officer, a mystic, a whaler, a specialist, a columnist, and a large portion of all, he was an explorer. He was not the peaceful kind of individual, and he altogether appreciated communicating. Arthur Conan Doyle was conceived on the 22nd of May 1859 in Picardy Place, Edinburgh. The second offspring of Charles Altamont and Mary Foley, he was thought to have been named after the incredible medieval ruler, Arthur of the Round Table. Doyle was additionally named after his granduncle, Michael Edward Conan. He was of Irish plunge, what's more, was of the Roman Catholic religion. Doyle had a granddad, John Doyle. He was political visual artist who monetarily upheld the family. Doyle had a quite harsh home life since his dad was a drunkard. As he grew up, Doyle needed to take a greater amount of the obligations around the house into his own hands, since his dad was either excessively wiped out or flushed to satisfy his day by day work at home. Doyle's mom, Mary Foley, was a homemaker who dealt with her child Arthur and his siblings and sisters, and furthermore worked and cleaned the house regular. Doyle's initial instruction began when he was around seven years of age. His mom invested heaps of energy perusing with him and coaching him, since this is the thing that she thought he expected to turn into a refined honorable man. When Doyle was ten years of age he ventured out from home and went to the Jesuit Preparatory school named Hodder House. This was a live-in school for little fellows. Arthur detested this school. Doyle once expressed that Hodder House was somewhat more wonderful than being limited in a jail. While going to Hodder House, he contemplated science, verse, geometry, number-crunching, and language structure. After his encounters at Jesuit Preparatory school, he left and applied for Stonyhurst Foundation. Doyle was acknowledged for enlistment into Stonyhurst and stayed there for around five additional years. While at Stonyhurst, Doyle, who exceeded expectations in cricket, exhibited some early indications of scholarly ability. At the institute, he turned out to be very acceptable at recounting stories and perusing so anyone might hear. His preferred youth essayist was Mayne Reid, who composed The Scalp Hunters. This was his preferred book while he was advancing through life. During his last year before going to clinical school, Doyle went to Feldkirch, a school in Austria. While going to Feldkirch, he started to scrutinize his confidence in the Roman Catholic religion.

The Politics Of The Reproducibility Cultural Studies Essay

The Politics Of The Reproducibility Cultural Studies Essay Reproducibility is the capacity of something to be precisely recreated or repeated by another individual working autonomously. It identifies with the understanding of the outcomes with various administrators utilizing various instruments at an alternate area. The outcomes are constantly detailed as a standard deviation from the first arrangement. In Benjamin gems, reproducibility is a procedure that happens gradually and may take quite a while. Benjamin examines the reproducibility in the show-stoppers and the whole universe of photography and film. It is about the advanced age and its consequences for crafted by expressions. How workmanship has been changed by the view of the people through time. Reproducibility changes the first bit of workmanship through the difference in the creativity or air of the masterful picture, the genuine message put across and the clique estimation of the first craftsmanship. The propagation of bits of craftsmanship causes an all out change in the view o f the workmanship and can send an all out various significance to the eyewitness. Reproducibility is an unavoidable procedure that happens after some time and it serves to get a great deal of progress the significance of craftsmanship. It eclipses the ideas of inventiveness and imagination of craftsmanship. It can hence be said that reproducibility is one major foe to the universe of workmanship and the awesome ability prerequisite to be imaginative. A glance at the photography of today, there is such a great amount of reproducibility of photos of different places and highlights that the genuine picture or the first thing can't be characterized. It is difficult to tell any longer if the things in photos are truly as spoken to. Photography can be said to forget about a great deal of subtleties of the first thing. For instance subtleties, for example, the separation, vegetation and the shading are totally mutilated. With the advances in innovation photos can be utilized to speak to a picture of a specific thing simply like in an artistic creation. This additionally forgets about a great deal the innovation of the picture showed. For instance the photos of the mountain like the Alps expel the idea of reality. As indicated by (Blunden ii), even the absolute best bits of craftsmanship that are recreated are deficient in the component of reality. The innovation of the advanced occasions in photography renders crafted by craftsmanship unclean. While a few pictures will need to depict the mountains to have tops that are marginally steep and have green vegetation others show total distinctive symbolism of steep looks and no vegetation. This innovation of photography renders the masterpieces tainted and changes the first types of the craftsmanship. Photography can be said to make crafted by craftsmanship free the atmosphere or the validness through the mechanical creation. While the photo of the mountain will speak to a picture of another picture, a composition will be the first mountain. Compositions would catch the focus and consideration of the watcher not at all like photography. The canvases would be intriguing and welcoming to the spectator. The faction esteem that would have been in a painting is supplanted by the show an incentive in photography. The religion esteem doesn't vanish out of nowhere yet in a shadowy way. The clique esteem is as yet spoken to in photography however in a far off way on the grounds that simply like the pictures, photography is likewise implied as capacity of recollections. Photography as a substitution of painting draws out a removed political centrality through the making of recollections. The pictures of photography additionally draw out a totally different side of the first. The photos are intended to catch what the first individual and the picture taker need to depict to the watcher; in this way the first thing isn't what the watcher sees however the watcher is exposed to an entirely unexpected idea. Photography has prompted the move between the first, bona fide estimation of what the watcher is exposed to, to a progressively current method of view. The artistic creations showed the first perspective on the things with a similar shading, inventiveness and legitimacy were likewise especially a piece of the compositions, however with photography a large portion of these viewpoints are lost in the innovation part. Photography esteems the presentation esteem more than the clique esteem. The photos don't inspire the free thought that an artwork will. The two of them depict the past occasions yet artistic creations have the free streaming thought and focus in the watcher contrasted with a photo that will convey less of such worth. Photography is a propagation of the works of art and hence neglects to accomplish the first premise of artworks. The photos shape the first political significance of compositions through arbitrariness stockpiling. Dissimilar to the authentic occasions when th e artistic creations were finished by explicit events or elements, photography is done at a specific time with little thought to reasons. Photography likewise presents an interruption with blended thoughts and presents the impression of evasion of troublesome assignments. The gems will by and large catch the most troublesome of assignments and will focus on the introduction of the most significant variables of a thing. Workmanship can unite the majority; it acts to assemble the individuals through standing out enough to be noticed to a specific thing. Photography then again falls beneath these discernments and consistently takes the simplest method of imaginative portrayal. The photos will in general present an interruption rather than a force and these shows that the ace of the workmanship is simply yet a propensity than actually the innovativeness and ability in it. The general population is in this way made as an onlooker however just missing mindedly without the best possible fixation that the centerpieces anticipates. The thought is to catch and fulfill the human intrigue which could basically be the expulsion of the uncommon capacity from the field of view. The pictures of photography in this manner forget about a great deal of the significant subtleties of workmanship meaning the idea of reproducibility prompts the contortion of the first idea. The mechanical change noted in the photography implies that the propagation of the masterpieces prompts the adjustment in the technique for presentation. Photos just change the response of people in general to show-stoppers and change the impression of the centerpieces. It gives the majority a choice of pundits. The recorded work of expressions like the artworks and the pictures were effortlessly acknowledged by the majority however the photography innovation of the present day has been confronted with a great deal of pundits. For instance in Blunden exposition, he says that the nineteenth century questions to whether photography is a show-stopper, (section 7). This shows there is question in individuals at the real estimation of photography in examination with workmanship. Photography neglects to make the unpretentious impact in the watchers that a basic representation would. Then again, this mechanical creation of the centerpieces will undoubtedly change the open response to the sp ecific bit of workmanship, (section 12). It can accordingly be presumed that the impacts of multiplication are unfavorable to crafted by expressions. It is very grievous that reproducibility is inescapable particularly with the new advancements that come day by day with the cutting edge world. The innovation will undoubtedly change the centerpieces and bring an alternate portrayal of craftsmanship. The political importance shifts with each new prologue to the first bit of craftsmanship. The gems existence idea are completely changed in a similar way. s

How Do You Spell Horderves

How Do You Spell Horderves The reason youre likely here reading this article is you need to know the spelling of horderves and not knowing it, you simply sounded it out. While the word may sound like horderves, this is not the correct spelling. The correct spelling of horderves is hors doeuvres. Of course, its not always necessary to know how to spell the foods you serve. Nobody is going to know you dont know how to spell the word correctly when you say horderves as you place out appetizers. On the other hand, if youre writing an article and happen to want to talk about the appetizers you served using the cuisine word, it becomes a little more important to know the correct spelling. Borrowing from the French If you go into the origins of common words, youll discover that borrowing from the French is not that unusual: cuisine is basically French for cooking. Hors doeuvres is another word we have borrowed from the French. Directly translated, hors means except and oeuvres means works. This may not initially seem too helpful, but if you assume that the main course is the works, and you interpret hors as meaning outside, the phrase basically means outside the main course. Now you know something that most English-speaking people never stop to think about. Is it useful? Possibly. Youre now in the position to give any dinner guests you may have over this little gem of information. What probably wont make the grade as dinner table conversation is all the common misspellings for the word, but now that you know how its spelled, youll be able to see them everywhere. Some get the hors bit right as well as the d and its apostrophe, but then they spoil it by spelling the last bit as oueveres for hors doueveres. Youll be amazed at the number of permutations. Perhaps one day, well adopt the word into the English language by changing the spelling to one that makes more sense to us, in which case, itll likely become horderves or orderves. Taking It to the Next Level Aside from the many dishes that can make up starters or hors doeuvres, you also get two ways of serving hors doeuvres. You can place the dishes on the table and let everyone help themselves, or you can have somebody pass the dish around allowing guests to select what they want to eat. Now you can make the distinction between table hors doeuvres and butler-style or butlered hors doeuvres. Not Quite the Same as Hors DOeuvres Now that you know how to use this chic French word to describe starters, you need to be careful that you dont get muddled up and use it in the wrong place. It will spoil the great impression youll make by knowing how to spell the word, how to serve them and what the French words actually mean. Canapes are not hors doeuvres. Instead of being foods you use to start off a meal, theyre savory finger-snacks that are served at cocktail hour. Antipasto is also not the same as hors doeuvres. Although it consists of a range of dishes served before a meal, the style will be Italian, and antipasto is always served at the table. You can still call it a starter, and if you want to use French, you could call it an entree. A smorgasbord is also not the same as hors doeuvres. Like antipasto, it is served before the meal and consists of foods that are related to the Scandinavian culture from which the word has been borrowed. You can now go forth and charm your dinner guests. You now not only know how to spell hors doeuvres, but how to serve them, what they are, and what they are not. Your culinary education may not be complete, but youre off to a good start. At least youll never have to eat your words. (Photo courtesy of Richard Munckton)

In The Case Of Play, There Has Being A Long Time, Been

In the case of play, there has being a long time, been misunderstood as the opposite of work or something not serious. Actually, using play to mentor children does not mean the curriculum is not professional and beneficial. In contrast, it means cherishing children and respecting the nature of learning at their age. In fact, play is essential for children’s development and for their learning life skills. Pramling Fleer (2009) suggests that there is no standard definition for play, it is more like an attitude of mind, play could be viewed in its broadest sense as describing almost all the activities that young children engage in. In this essay, I briefly describe the value of play and how play relates to children’s learning and†¦show more content†¦For example, when a child is adding water to the sand while making sandcastles, he is practicing what he has previously learned about buildings as well as constructed new knowledge about the properties of the sand th rough his play. Emotional Development Bruner (1996) views children as active problem-solvers who are ready to explore difficult subjects and who are learning from birth. It is stated (Emslie Mesle, 2009) that children need to feel the joy of success, because if a child keep thwarted, he may have the sense of inferiority and timidity when confronted with new activities or tasks, which results in the lack of learning motivation and capacity. Every child has his own personality, interests and strengths, when children are playing, they can play the role that they are good at to get a sense of fulfillment. For example, in role play, a girl can play the role of mother and take care of baby dolls to feel â€Å"needed†. It is also important for teachers to understand each of the children and organize different activities so that everyone have the chance to show their fortes. Getting time to explore the world around them, so that through repetition and success children develop the confidence to try more complex activiti es, they can establish a virtuous cycle. When children feel safe, they will feel capable to meet challenges more effectively.Show MoreRelatedThe Financial Fair Play ( Ffp )1601 Words   |  7 PagesFootball has seen itself undergoing a paradigm shift in the past decades. As European football grew into the gigantic monolith it is today, an inflow of money found its way into the coffers of the Union des Associations Europà ©ennes de Football (UEFA). The Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations were initiated in principle to create a level playing field between clubs owned by business tycoons and those who are a bit more moderate in comparison. It is a sad sight that today, European club football isRead MoreIPC Case Study : Long Distance Relationships1382 Words   |  6 PagesThe case study that I analyzed was â€Å"IPC Case 29 _Long Distance Relationships† Synopsis The main characters were Lindsay, Lance, and Ron within the minor characters being Jerrie and Toni. Lindsay and Lance are brother and sister that are attending the same college with Lindsay being a freshman and Lance being a Junior. Lindsay is currently in a long-distance relationship (LDR) with Ron, who is at Purdue University, which is 450 miles away. Lance has two short term girlfriends during the time of theRead MoreThe Wonderful Discoverie Of Elizabeth Sawyer, A Witch, Late Of Edmonton1388 Words   |  6 Pagesof criminal biographies, arising from his experiences as ordinary and recounting his attempts to extort confessions from the condemned in the prison’. The most famous of his visits was to Elizabeth Sawyer, who was suspected of being a witch. ‘His pamphlet on the Sawyer case included the confession he had elicited from the condemned witch while preparing her spiritually for execution’. Before sixteenth century, the ability to read and write was low. But during the century there was growth in educationRead MoreFootball is Dangerous?1211 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Cristal Nunez English 125 March 7th, 2014 Professor Larsen Football Head Football is an all American sport that has led to the downfall of many great athletes who have suffered from the sport in a psychological and physical manner. Football is a dangerous sport that is only played by one country, the U.S.A. Realistically, banning the sport is almost near impossible, but there should be regulations to the sport if that people would have to meet in order to insure safety and knowledgeable factsRead MoreResponse : The Last Days Of Judas Iscariot 1547 Words   |  7 PagesIscariot I was very curious as to what this play was going to be about, because when I first read the title, I was not able to make anything of it. Being someone who isn’t religious, it was a refreshing take on a debatable concept. Before the reading the audience guide and seeing the play, I would have never in a million years though the play would be a religious debating stemming from the New Testament. I was very surprised to find out that the play was about a religious debate because I personallyRead More Effects of Domestic Violence Essay533 Words   |  3 PagesThousands of homes have been breached by domestic violence, separating many families over the past years. The confrontational battle between spouses, former spouses, and children has been a hot topic to major media sources. Thousands of women are beaten by their husbands every year, and reports aren’t nearly as close to the incidents that occur. A lot of people wonder what the definite reason is for household abus e. Blog sites have argued the fact of this blazing topic for years, and it continuesRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Worker For The Des Moines Dailey News1261 Words   |  6 Pagesat the time, covered the case of his wife Margaret, who was thought to be guilty for his death. In over a dozen newspaper articles, Glaspell discusses the crime, the suspicion, and the eventual decision of Margaret Hossack s innocence in the murder. Almost fifteen years later, Glaspell would use this case to inspire her one act play Trifles. Names and certain details were changed to fit a more dramatic retelling of the story, but as a whole the story still heavily reflected the Hossack case. The playRead MorePolicing Is The First Step To Take Place Inside The Criminal950 Words   |  4 Pagesthe prosecutor dictates whether to take legal action against the perpetrator or to drop the case. While these cases are historically posed as using hard evidence to convict offenders, is this all that truly influences the outcome of a case? Gender, race, and class constantly are involved in influencing case’s outcomes and has created an unarguable social inequality in today’s legal system. Social class plays a large factor in deciding legal outcomes. Wealthy defendants are obviously more able -thanRead MoreThe Effects Of Concussion On Young Athletes1748 Words   |  7 Pagesinjuries, it is often hard to diagnose. Symptoms of a concussion can be vague and uncertain, which can inevitably lead to more harm to an athlete. Athletes who play with concussions can face great consequences if they are not removed from play. The effects of obtaining or playing with a concussion may not be recognized early on but rather over time. The control disease center reported that that reported concussions have double in the last 10 years. According to the academy of pediatrics â€Å"emergency roomRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Arthritis Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pagesarthritis is one of the big costs that the aged continue to pay. The disease turns chronic with progressive inflammation of the synovial lining of peripheral joints. It is characterized by symmetric, chronic and deformi ng polyarthritis that results in long term joint disability especially in the aged. Arthritis â€Å"Arthro† meaning a joint and â€Å"It is† meaning inflammation becomes Arthritis which remains one of the most common disease in the developed world and manifests itself in three forms of arthritis;

Correlations between Creativity and Mental Illness Essay

Several scientific studies have demonstrated correlations between creativity and mental illness, including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Even though the association between bipolar disorder and creativity first appeared in literature in the 1970s, the idea of a link between madness and genius is actually much older. It goes back at least to the time of Aristotle and the Ancient Greeks, when it was believed that creativity came from the gods, and in particular the Muses, the mythical personifications of the arts and sciences. More recently, the idea of a complete work of art emerging without conscious thought or effort was supported in the Romantic era. beliefs on the creative inspiration of the artist†¦show more content†¦The capacity to be creative, to produce new concepts, ideas, inventions, objects or art, is perhaps the most important attribute of the human brain. We know very little, however, about the nature of creativity or its neural basis. Some important ques tions include: how should we define creativity? How is it related (or unrelated) to high intelligence? What psychological processes or environmental circumstance cause creative insights to occur? How is it related to conscious and unconscious processes? What is happening at the neural level during moments of creativity? How is it related to health or illness, and especially mental illness? The first step in studying creativity is to define what it is. One of the first issues that must be addressed is the relationship between creativity and high intelligence. Since the same word, genius, is often used to refer to people who are highly creative and also to people who are highly intelligent, a common assumption is that creativity and high intelligence are the same thing. This, however, is a misconception. The ability to express and control our own emotions is important, but so is our ability to understand, interpret, and respond to the emotions of others. Psychologists refer to this ability as emotional intelligence. According to the Cambridge Dictionary online, Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to perceive, control and evaluateShow MoreRelatedThe Correlation between Creativity and Madness1594 Words   |  7 PagesThere lies a link between creativity and madness and the association stems from the need of an unconventional thought process to spark creativity and biological factors surrounding the brains of both creative individuals, and mentally ill patients. Could it be Madness? A correlation between a more creative individual and a mentally ill patient exists, and it is highly likeable that the former could be the latter. The issue of whether great mental abilities, whether it’s creativity in crafts such asRead MoreThe Genius And Mental Illness1332 Words   |  6 Pages Artistic Genius and Mental Illness The path from mental illness to creative genius in many artists and writers has long been a topic of research and discussion. Researchers believe they are now gaining new clues about the mysterious link between highly creative individuals and mental disorders, most commonly manic depression. The National Institute on Mental Health estimates that manic depression, also called bipolar disorder, affects about 2 million Americans. Many scientists believe that aRead More Kay Redfield Jamisons Touched With Fire: Manic Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temeprament994 Words   |  4 PagesKay Redfield Jamisons Touched With Fire: Manic Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temeprament In Touched with Fire: Manic Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament, Kay Redfield Jamison explores the compelling connection between mental disorders and artistic creativity. Artists have long been considered different from the general population, and one often hears tales of authors, painters, and composers who both struggle with and are inspired by their madness. Jamisons text exploresRead MoreA First Rate Madness : Uncovering The Links Between Leadership And Mental Health1033 Words   |  5 PagesA First-Rate Madness: Uncovering the Links Between Leadership and Mental Health By Nassir Ghaemi Inverse Law of Sanity: â€Å"This book argues that in at least one vitally important circumstance insanity produces good results and sanity is a problem. In times of crisis, we are better off being led by mentally ill leaders than mentally normal ones.† (Pg. 3, intro) Dr. Ghaemi attempts to draw a connection between leadership and mental illness in his book, A First-Rate Madness. He uses historical figuresRead More The Link between Creativity and Mental Disorder Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pages Creativity Creativity is the sole heart of modernization, technology and the arts. Without creativity, humanity would still thrive in caves. There is no argument against creativity being an important aspect of our society, there is, however, a question whether creativity is spawned by mental disorder. Albert Einstein came up with ideas that seemed impossible or eccentric. Froyds psychology theorems were laughed at, but now widely used and accepted. Both men were highly successful withRead MoreMusician Suicide1512 Words   |  7 Pagescelebrities. one of the most famous cases happened 20 years ago when lead singer of Nirvana Kurt Cobain took his own life, leaving many fans and psychologists wondering why. It’s a phenomenon that has many questioning if there is a positive correlation between being a musicians and being prone to committing suicide as well as the reasons why. In Sheila M. Eldred’s article â€Å"Why Are Musicians More Prone to Suicide?† she looks at a theory proposed by Steve Stack, a suicidal researcher, and ChristineRead MoreAnxiety And Other Mood Disorders1460 Words   |  6 Pagesfluctuations between both depressive and manic episodes, or lows and highs. I am also going to include generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in our mood disorder category because there are â€Å"lifetime diagnoses of anxiety and depression that show extensive comorbidity†, or in more simple terms, there is a high chance that someo ne who has anxiety will also have depression and vice versa (Mineka, 1998, p.382). Now that we know what mood disorders are we can look at their relationship with art and creativity. ThereRead MoreMood Disorders : Their Influence And Portrayal Of Art1466 Words   |  6 Pagesfluctuations between both depressive and manic episodes, or lows and highs. I am also going to include generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in our mood disorder category because there are many diagnoses of depression and anxiety that show extensive comorbidity, or in more simple terms, there is a high chance that someone who has anxiety will also have depression and vice versa (Mineka, 1998, p.382). Now that we know what mood disorders are we can look at their relationship with art and creativity. ThereRead MoreA Brilliant Madness about John Forbes Nash Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"To some extent insanity is a form of conformity; people are always selling the idea that people who have mental illness are suffering. But it’s really not so simple†¦I think mental illness or madness can be an escape also† (qtd. in â€Å"John Forbes Nash†). To many â€Å"normal† people, the terms â€Å"insanity† or â€Å"madness† portray a negative connotation-- the unfortunate ones â€Å"suffer† from mental illness. However, brilliant mathematician and Nobel laureate John Forbes Nash, who has paranoid schizophrenia, cherishesRead MoreThe Link Between Creativity and Bipolar Disorder, Annotated Bibliography854 Words   |  4 PagesTHE LINK BETWEEN CREATIVITY AND BIPOLAR DISORDER The Link Between Creativity and Bipolar Disorder Creativity is related with bipolar disorder is a popular assumption. The fact that many creative people, including Van Gogh, Ernest Hemingway, Leo Tolstoy, and Sylvia Plath, suffered from some kind of mental disorders triggers that idea. Psychologists have been interested in this contingent link for decades. In this paper, after defining both terms, I examine three articles that report

The On The Buddhas Enlightenment - 1609 Words

After the Buddha’s Enlightenment, he sought out his disciples to share his recently attained knowledge, mainly of the Dharma. The Dharma is a collection of teachings and doctrines which the Buddha realized while under the Bodhi tree, one of these including the Four Arya Realities (eBook 43). These realities comprise of the assertions that life is suffering, suffering is caused by craving, suffering can have an end, and there is a path which leads to the end of suffering. The first Arya Reality is the Truth of Suffering which is a general idea for the multiple meanings derived from the context of the term duá ¸ ¥kha. Buddhists classify suffering into three sub-categories which namely are duá ¸ ¥kha-duá ¸ ¥kha, vipariá ¹â€¡Ã„ ma-duá ¸ ¥kha, and saá ¹Æ'skÄ ra- duá ¸ ¥kha (eBook 45). The three categories represent the various agents of suffering. Respectfully they refer to harm due to biological causes (birth, sickness, ageing, death, mental affliction), suffering due to the cessation and impermanence of everything, and the guaranteed demise of all sentient beings. Together, these generate the understanding that as long as one is moving through saá ¹Æ'sÄ ra, whether reborn in any of the six realms of rebirth, they will be unable to find complete happiness or fulfillment during their lives (eBook 44). The second of the Four Arya Realties is the Truth of Arising. As the name hints, it explains that the cause of all suffering we experience arises from craving and negative desires. As there are variousShow MoreRelatedGautama Buddha1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe celebration of Wesak which is the annual ritual celebrating the Buddha’s birth, enlightenment and death (parinirvana), provides an opportunity for adherents to reflect on the Buddha’s life and teaching. The Wesak festival is extremely important to the Buddhist adherent and the Buddhist community. The Wesak festival or Buddhas Day celebrates the birthday of Prince Siddhartha Gautama, who was to become Buddha, the founder of Buddhism.The Wesak festival is a time for devotion and rememberingRead MoreVajrayana Buddhism1221 Words   |  5 Pagesallows followers to receive such enlightenment through this vehicle of the lightning bolt. Those who practice this type of Buddhism find its complexities to be quite clear as the encounter truths of Buddha along the way of life events. Serenity and peace are experienced as they align themselves with revelations of Vajrayanan. What are mudras, and why are objects important? Why is meditation the very foundation to discovering the truths of Vajrayana, and Buddha’s influence. Allow the next few paragraphsRead MoreBuddha And The Buddha Of Buddha866 Words   |  4 Pagesan entire religion. Siddhartha Gautama who set out on this spiritual journ ey reached complete enlightenment. Upon reaching his awakening, he became the Buddha. Over the course of the next few centuries, the religion grew and spread through many regions. The spread of Buddhism led to many representations of the Buddha. Although representations vary, the ultimate goal remains the same - complete enlightenment. †¨ The first image, the footprints of Buddha, that originated in northwestern India may haveRead MoreThe Buddha, The Dharma, And The Sangha873 Words   |  4 PagesJewels†: the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha. Through these elements, followers practice meditation and self-control in order to reach the state of enlightenment, or nirvana. The religion was pioneered by The Buddha, whose last reincarnation was named Siddhartha in Nepal around 600 B.C.E. He was a human who transcended to a state of enlightenment, understanding and practicing the three elements of Buddhism. Unlike the main figure in many other world religions, Buddha did not deem himself God orRead MoreBuddhism Breaks Apart Essay example1402 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism Breaks Apart Buddhism is the religion of spiritual enlightenment through the suppressing of one’s worldly desires. Buddhism takes one on the path of a spiritual journey, to become one with their soul. It teaches one how to comprehend life’s mysteries, and to cope with them. Founded in 525 B.C. by Siddhartha Gautama; Theravada Buddhism is the first branch of Buddhism; it was a flourishing religion in India before the invasions by the Huns and the Muslims, and Mahayana Buddhism formedRead MoreThe More Conservative Side Of The Two Major Branches Of Buddhism1507 Words   |  7 Pageswhich contains Buddha’s earliest surviving teachings. This religion is taught, and spoken in Pali which is the dialect of Indi-Aryan which is from India in Buddha’s time. After Buddha’s death his teachings were passed down by the word of mouth (ChÊ »en, K. K. S) Buddha’s first teachings are called the Four Noble Truths that all new Buddhists learn. The truths consist of: Life is suffering, suffering is caused by human desires and ignorance, sufferings can only end when enlightenment has been achievedRead MoreThe Buddha And The Founder Of Buddhism1237 Words   |  5 Pagesmight be none. What if they came from the same creator and was sent to guide people to the righteousness of God and show them the path to enlightenment. On the other hand, it could also be just the same interpretation of people around that time and there is no connection between the two. Moving on another story where I could relate and compare to the Buddha’s life story which have some similarities is the story of another myth/founder of another religion. And this would be the story of the lastRead MoreThe Brahmin’s Son Essay example1570 Words   |  7 Pages Analysis: The Brahmin’s Son Despite his solid spiritual upbringing among the Brahmins, Siddhartha still seeks the meaning of life, and he embarks on a quest to find enlightenment. Brahmins are members of the highest of the four interdependent groups, called castes, that make up Hindu society. Members of the Brahmin caste were originally priests with the primary duty of mediating with and praying to gods, and they were respected for their intellect and their knowledge of the Vedas, the sacred HinduRead MoreReligion: Gender Inequality1395 Words   |  6 Pagesreligion but through cultural influence and social manipulation. The essence of Buddhism originated from a human being (known as Buddha). And Buddha is the one who achieved the highest enlightenment. Often in Buddhism concept, there was confusion about how much devotion is required to achieve the great â€Å"Enlightenment† for monk or nun. Women in the Buddhism face much more challenges to become enlightened. Throughout the essay, I will be focusin g on how in Buddhist woman needs to be reborn as a manRead MoreWorld Religion Studies of Siddhartha or the Buddha1344 Words   |  5 PagesBefore heading on the path to enlightenment, Siddhartha or the Buddha, came across four sights that changed his thinking. The first sight he road upon was an old, homeless man who signified that flesh is not eternal and age; the second sight ties into the first, because the next day Siddhartha encounters a human body deteriorating from disease, lying on the side of the road. He was quickly discovering that the physical body could not avoid the nature of life and was exposed to the real world. The

Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Question: Discuss about the Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Answer: Introduction Psychological disorders are classified in several categories, based on the signs and symptoms of the disorder. Assessment is a crucial part for diagnosing the appropriate psychological disorder (Hasin et al. 2013, p. 26). A psychologist, working in a hospital with a multidisciplinary mental and allied health team should have proper skills and competence for recognizing the disorder correctly. In this assignment, the focus is a 33 years old female, Yvette, who is the experiencing alcoholism, which in turn has give rise to anxiety disorders. In this context, she has represented an anxious state and severe headaches. Though she has no medical issues and tried to quit alcohol use more than one time, but found it difficult. Thus, she is seeking assistance from a psychologist. From her previous history, it has been revealed that she did not have any other addition in current status, except alcoholism. Moreover, the anxiety symptoms are not only due to her alcoholism disorder, rather, she h as a family history of anxiety disorder and it embarrasses her, which in turn leads to stress. Now, in this assignment, the focus will be demonstrating the etiology of the disorder, proper diagnosis of the disorder, assessment and intervention plan along with a relapse prevention plan for the patient Yvette. Etiology Yvette is suffering from alcoholism. Her addiction towards alcohol consumption is increasing day by day and she stated that not a single day she can spend without consuming alcohol. She seeks support from the psychologist to reduce her addiction. The disorder usually develops gradually over time and predisposed by family histories (Hasin et al. 2012, p 30). One commonly known cause for alcoholism is anxiety or depression symptoms. In the case study, Yvette has depicted that his father had anxiety disorder and was alcoholic since he was 25 years. Thus, it can be interpreted that family history of alcoholism is a significant cause and predisposing factor for her psychological condition. On the other hand, evidences highlighted that depression and anxiety are causes of alcoholism. Moreover, work related issues are the cause of her anxious symptoms. Predisposing factors are the factors inherited in the person, leading to a health issue. In Yvettes case, heredity and anxiety are two predisposing factors for developing alcoholism. Her father was addicted towards alcohol, which was a predisposing factor (Klimas et al. 2013, p.1). Precipitating factors trigger the predisposition. In yvettes case, her partners regular alcohol consumption is the precipitation factor that triggers her tendency of consuming alcohol regularly. It is evident from the case study that Yvette used to consume alcohol on weekend, but her boyfriends regular alcohol consumption triggered her predisposition. Her anxiety symptoms, panic attacks are making her more anxious day by day, she does not want to be more anxious, but she is not able to control her symptoms, which makes her want to drink even more. She is busy in her work and unable to meet her dear ones, which is another factor that maintains her tendency to drink more. In addition, she revealed that she have three months left for her contract work, which enhances her stress and maintaining the symptoms (Vasconcelos et al. 2014, p. 115). Diagnosis Mental disorders are diagnosed with the help of Diaagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, the fifth addition; DMS-V is currently in use. It helps the mental health providers to make proper diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and other psychological disorders. According to the criteria of DMS-V, Yvette is suffering from substance abuse disorder instead of generalized anxiety disorder. Followings criteria of substance abuse, according to DMS-V are the evidences for Yvettes diagnosis: The person will consume more alcohol than originally planned. Yvette used to consume once in a weekend and currently she is unable to spend a single day without consuming alcohol. The person will worry about stopping or consistently failed efforts to control abuse (Carroll 2014, p. 127). In the case of Yvette, she tried to quit alcohol consumption, once or twice since she started to drink 3 years ago; she was not able to control her drinking, instead of her significant efforts to stop drinking. Substance abuse will result in failure of fulfilling major role obligations. Yvette has revealed that her partner does not have problems like her, instead of consuming alcohol regularly. The patient will continue using the substance instead of having health problems caused by it. In Yvette case, she was panicking about severe headache, presented anxious state and previously experienced black outs on excessive drinking, but still cannot control it. The person will continue to use the substance instead of having negative effects on relationship. Yvette stated that she is no longer visiting her parents home, as she thinks her parents do not like to have someone as anxious as her (Hasin et al. 2013, p. 26). She has also experienced withdrawal symptom, i.e. anxiety and built up tolerance to alcohol. Assessment plan There are several tools and instruments for assessing substance abuse appropriate for their needs. Using the appropriate assessment tool is important for identifying the exact disorder and the stage of disorder. There are several assessment tools like AUDIT, SBIRT, NIDAMED, CAGE AID and others. The AUDIT tool, i.e. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test is a 10-item questionnaire used for screening or assessing the hazardous alcohol consumption. The tool instrument was developed by WHO. It is a 10-tem questionnaire, which tests 95% correctly, whether a person is alcoholic or non-alcoholic. As it is suitable to be used in primary care settings and used for a range of populations and cultural groups, it would be suitable to be used for Yvette. This assessment has 10 questions and takes only 5 minutes for the assessment. For women, positive score is 4 (Samhsa.gov 2016). The information which will be collected through this assessment tool includes the frequency of alcohol consumption p er day, information regarding patients attempt for cutting down the use, history of failure, patients feelings regarding drinking, violence related to abuse and health issues regarding alcohol abuse. The questionnaire is provided in appendix. It will help to identify Yvettes status, whether she is alcoholic or not. Analyzing the question, it can be interpreted that Yvettes will score more than 4, indicating her experience of alcoholism (Kelly, Daley Douaihy, 2012). Based on the results, intervention plan would be established. In the assessment plan multidisciplinary team would be involved for instance the registered nurse and GP would be required for evaluating he physical health status. Intervention plan In case of Yvette, alcohol use disorder has been occurred with other mental health issue, like anxiety disorder. Thus, psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy or the combination of both would be required for improving Yvettes status. Several previous literatures have proved the successful outcomes of combined therapy including psychotherapy along with medication for reducing anxiety symptoms. This treatment is known as medication assisted treatment (MAT) (Uchtenhagen et al., 2015, p. 1390). The intervention would be planned on the basis of CBT-based integrated approach to alcoholism treatment; Yvette is a patient with a comorbid anxiety disorder. At the initial step, detoxification or withdrawal would be done. As Yvette has reported to the hospital, she would be administered with sedating medication for preventing withdrawal symptoms. Based on the screening and assessment outcomes, a treatment plan would be established by setting priority goals for Yvette. The psychological counselling would be the next step of the intervention plan. Yvette would undergo a 3 months psychological counselling for a supportive recovery (Bowen et al., 2014, p. 555). Through the sessions, she would be discussed about her symptoms and the coping strategies. The counsellor would help her to adopt the coping mechanisms. The treatment plan would include psychoeducation through the counselling sessions. The psychoeducation would include explanation of biopsychological model of anxiety disorder, alcohol use disorder and their interaction. On this education platform the next phase of treatment would be established. After providing sufficient information, Yvette would be taught about a standard paced diaphragmatic breathing exercise for minimizing hyperventilation associated with anxiety disorder (americanaddictioncenters.org, 2016). In the next phase, cognitive restructuring, Yvette would be taught about thinking patterns contributing to the anxiety and panic symptoms. She will also be taught about the ways of recognizing and restructuring the cognitions promoting alcohol use, which will in turn assist in coping with anxiety (Kane et al. 2014, p. 127). Here expert CBT skills would be required by the psychologist to help the patient in cognitive restructuring exercise. The final step is cue exposure that involves systematic therapist-guided exposure to sensations and panic attacks, aiming to decouple these from anxiety-inducing thoughts related to catastrophic outcomes. It will help Yvette to allow her in practicing new anxiety management skills and increasing her sense regarding successful coping in panicked situation, through enhancing her self-efficacy. Simultaneously mild anti-anxiety drug will be administered. Relapse prevention plan Relapse prevention plan is crucial for patients experiencing substance abuse, as it is very important to maintain the impact of interventions for longer period. A key to an effective addiction relapse plan is to determine what types of activities, habits and connections will be replaced previously associated with substance abuse. Three factors are required for Yvettes relapse prevention plan, these are managing triggers, providing a strong support system with family, friends and professionals and developing readiness, preventing a momentary slip into a return to alcohol abuse. Initially, stabilization is very important, as this plan might not work unless relapser is sober and in control of Yvette. Detoxification would be needed for making the plan to work (Spanagel Vengeliene, 2012). Initially, the psychiatrist should go slow and focus on the basic needs. In the nest step assessment would be designed for recognizing the pattern of recurrent of symptoms that are associated with previ ous relapse and to reduce pain related to these problems. Reviewing her life history would help the care provider to reconstruct recovery and relapse history. Since the first attempt at sobriety, every period of abstinence and substance use would be monitored crucially, this in turn set the stage for relapse. It will be difficult if Yvette starts drinking and resist talking about these things during the abstinence period. To reduce the chance of these things, relapse education will be provided to Yvette, which will include the process of relapse, chemical dependence and triggers, negative consequences of feeling embarrassed to reveal relapse. Relapse prevention therapy can be helpful for her, as it help to teach the patient about recognizing and managing warning signs (Witkiewitz Bowen, 2010). For instance, for Yvette, job related stress is a warning sign, which may trigger relapse of her symptoms. Involving her family, like her partner, best friend and partner will help her to be felt valued, thereby reducing her stress and anxiety related symptoms, which in turn will reduce the chance of alcohol use relapse. Conclusion In this assignment, from a psychologists perspective, the present scenario of 33 years old woman Yvette has been explored. According to the case study of Yvette, she was experiencing alcohol use symptoms along with anxiety disorder. The etiology, predisposing, precipitating and maintaining factors has been identified, which in turn helped in selecting appropriate diagnosis tool. The diagnosis has been done according to DMS-V diagnostic criteria. Then assessment plan was established for recognizing the current disorder of the patient, from the assessment, her alcoholism status was revealed, based on which the plan of the focused intervention has been developed, concerning all the factors associated with Yvettes health. Finally, the relapse prevention plan has been developed in accordance with her current recovery status and other factors presented by the patient. This plan will help to reduce recurrence of her anxiety and alcohol use symptoms, thereby assisting the patient to get back to her normal life. Reference List americanaddictioncenters.org,. (2016). Treating Addiction with Anxiety Disorders. American Addiction Centers. Retrieved 28 December 2016, from https://americanaddictioncenters.org/anxiety-and-addiction/ Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Clifasefi, S. L., Grow, J., Chawla, N., Hsu, S. H., ... Larimer, M. E. (2014). Relative efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse prevention, and treatment as usual for substance use disorders: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 71(5), 547-556. Carroll, K. M. (2014). Computerized CognitiveBehavioral Therapy. Alcohol research: current reviews, 36(1), 127. Hasin, D. S., Fenton, M. C., Beseler, C., Park, J. Y., Wall, M. M. (2012). Analyses related to the development of DSM-5 criteria for substance use related disorders: 2. Proposed DSM-5 criteria for alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and heroin disorders in 663 substance abuse patients. Drug and alcohol dependence, 122(1), 28-37. Hasin, D. S., OBrien, C. P., Auriacombe, M., Borges, G., Bucholz, K., Budney, A., ... Schuckit, M. (2013). DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale. American Journal of Psychiatry. 128(2), 25-29 Kane, I., Mitchell, A. M., Puskar, K. R., Hagle, H., Talcott, K., Fioravanti, M., ... Lindsay, D. (2014). Identifying at risk individuals for drug and alcohol dependence: teaching the competency to students in classroom and clinical settings. Nurse educator, 39(3), 126-134. Kelly, T. M., Daley, D. C., Douaihy, A. B. (2012). Treatment of substance abusing patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders. Addictive behaviors, 37(1), 11-24. Klimas, J., Field, C. A., Cullen, W., OGorman, C. S., Glynn, L. G., Keenan, E., ... Dunne, C. (2013). Psychosocial interventions to reduce alcohol consumption in concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users: Cochrane Review a. Systematic reviews, 2(1), 1. Samhsa.gov,. (2016). Treatments for Substance Use Disorders | SAMHSA. Samhsa.gov. Retrieved 28 December 2016, from https://www.samhsa.gov/treatment/substance-use-disorders Spanagel, R., Vengeliene, V. (2012). New pharmacological treatment strategies for relapse prevention. In Behavioral Neurobiology of Alcohol Addiction (pp. 583-609). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Uchtenhagen, A. (2015). Monitoring and Evaluation of Addiction Treatment. Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives, 1387-1403. Vasconcelos, S. C., Teixeira, R. V., de Amorim Neto, P. D., da Costa Lima, M. D., Ramos, V. P., da Silva Frazo, I., de Souza Cavalcanti, A. M. T. (2014). Comorbid psychiatric in drug users: Integrative Review on Dual Diagnosis. American Journal of Nursing Science, 3, 110-116. Witkiewitz, K., Bowen, S. (2010). Depression, craving, and substance use following a randomized trial of mindfulness-based relapse prevention. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 78(3), 362.

1940s Essay Example

1940s Essay The Decade of the 1940s Nickenha Ashley History of Psychology Dr. Specht November 20th, 2013 The 1940s was a great period of well-known events in history. One of the most important events of the decade was World War II, which basically ruled the 1940s. World War II started on September 1, 1939 beginning with the German invasion of Poland; and Britain and France declaring war on German two days later. It was the most costly and destructive war in history and its effects, for good and ill, were felt far beyond the battlefields. After the war was over the United States entered a period of reat prosperity, an increase in the birthrate produced more consumers who fueled the economy and made the United States the most powerful nation (Hills, 1958, p. 56). It is safe to say that the 1940s was one of the many decades that influenced and shaped the future of the American society, with the many challenges and hardship that the United States faced within this decade. The events that took place in the 1940s changed the American society forever. It was a time of hardship and every aspect of life were affected by World War II. We will write a custom essay sample on 1940s specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on 1940s specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on 1940s specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The rights of different groups of people ere also an issue during the 1940s, the inventions of different technology like computers, nuclear weapons, and rockets affected the whole world and television began to change Americans lives. The 1940s were defined by World War II. The war began on December 7, 1941 after the Japanese attached the United States Naval Base in Hawaii. President Roosevelt came on the radio the next morning and announced that the United Sates was going to war. Roosevelt explained that the war was inevitable and that in order to win this war, the United States needed support from all Americans, and the next day Congress declared war on Japan (Sullivan, 1991). The United States and the Allies were not successful in the beginning of the war, and President Roosevelt encouraged Americans on the home front, and General Eisenhower commanded troops in Europe. After a disastrous beginning, the United States began to take the offensive and gradually began to turn the tide against Axis armies in Africa, Europe and on while Japan was not an easy defeat, and a secret atomic bomb had to be used against the Japanese mainland. In August of 1945 Japan surrendered and World War II ended. The cost and sacrifices of the war were shocking. This 1,364 day war cost the United States and estimated $341 billion and 407, 318 American soldiers (Uschan, 1999, p. 12-17). This was a huge price to pay for victory, and could not have been done without the actions by the civilians on the home front during World War II. World War II was not only fought by the troops overseas, but also by our American women and children. When the war was declared, a lot of American men enlisted or were drafted into the armed forces, causing a labor shortage in factories and other blue collar Jobs. Because of this the United States had to turn to its female population to replenish the labor supply. Women began to work in factories, making bullets and riveting planes, tanks, and other war supplies. By 1943, half the workers on American assembly lines and factories were women. This was the first time in American history that women held Jobs that had been regarded as for men only. Children were also able to participate in helping with the war, they collected scrap metal, old tires, and even toothpaste tubes that were recycled and used to make more war supplies. Children also grew victory gardens, which supplied one third of the fresh vegetables consumed in the United States (Duden, 1989, p. 1-21). As a result of these social trends during World War II, women gained a new independence and were able to enter the workforce in much larger numbers and in a different capacity. Racial discrimination was still a norm in the United States during the start of the 1940s. By the end of the decade, those attitudes were beginning to change because of the events of the past 10 years. In the early 1900s, African Americans began a great migration from the rural south to the northern cities. This migration began during the WWII era because the war caused labor shortages, and African Americans ad a chance of getting Jobs in northern factories. The migration benefited both the African American population and economy. African Americans and whites served together in the military and business world, but the United States was still a segregated society. After World War II ended, African Americans were eager to be accepted, and one of the first breakthroughs came by way of Americas pastime, baseball. Only white players were allowed on the major league teams. African Americans had to play in their own segregated league. A number of famous African American baseball stars were eager to make a break for the big eagues. In 1947 the Brooklyn Dodgers drafted a young infielder named Jackie Robinson, the first Negro to achieve major-league baseball status in modern times (Effrat, 1947). Although it was unknown to him at the time, but he would end up being a symbol of hope that a multi- racial society could exist. Throughout the season Robinson received death threats and racial insults but racism could not stop him. Robinson stayed with the team and even went on to win the World Series and was even named rookie of the year. Technology started to rocket in the early 1940s, but it was the early stages of films nd television. Walt Disney was one of the biggest cartoon film makes then. This was the start of Walt Disneys famous career. Walt Disney released Pinocchio, Dumbo, The computer was also one of the most significant technological advances made in the 1940s. In 1946 the first all-electronic digital computer named ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was developed. This computer was able to do as much work in one hour as most people could do in one week (Duden, 1989, p. 30). Even though the television was invented in the late 1930s, it did not gain much popularity at the start of the decade. When World War II began, production of television and other electronics was stopped in order to devote factory capacity to the war effort. After the war ended, the ban on the production of electronics was lifted and televisions began rolling off the assembly lines again. The increasing amount of disposable income of consumers after the war had television flying off the shelves of stores around the country. The Olympic Games in 1948 were shown on television and attracted the largest broadcast audience in history (Peterson, J. R. ). Colored television achieved realism when CBS demonstrated the first color television in New York City, nd WNBT, making New York City the countrys first regular television station, broadcasting to about 10,000 viewers (http://www. nytimes. com). The television created a social impact on the United States in many ways, people were buying televisions in record numbers and television was becoming a common part of life (Duden, 1989, p. 43). The television movement impacted life in the United States in many ways and provided Americans with easier access to information and entertainment with pictures and words. The atomic bomb, one of the most powerful and deadly technological advances in history, was developed in the 1940s. In 1941, nuclear physicists discovered that two uranium derivatives, U-235 and plutonium, could be used to create rapid fission. In December of 1942 a physicist named Enrico Fermi created the first nuclear reaction. The first time the bomb was used was August of 1945 when the bombing of Japan occurred (Fyson, 1999, p. 6). This Marilyn Monroe advertisement was very effective in the 1940s. This was used to endorse the production in sales for Lustre Company. Though this shampoo may work well as any other shampoos, this advertisement was meant to reach out to the fans of Marilyn Monroe. When this ad was put out we can assume that many of Marilyn Monroes fans bought this product causing this company to mak e a lot of money, which made this advertisement very effective. This poster is of Uncle Sam in the 1940s looks very convincing. This poster was recruiting anyone WWII, it was very demanding and inspired young people to Join the armys frontlines and serve for their country. This advertisement was very effective as it made people think that it was their Job to protect the country and run the front lines. up no matter what. Being the first black man to play baseball he was faced with a lot of obstacles, hate messages and death threats being sent to him, but this did not top him. This advertisement served as a motivator for others, and gives others hope that though they may be of different color they can still do things the same as any other race. This advertisement is of one of the first Walt Disney movies created. This advertisement was effective because it showed the first movie created by Disney and was convincing to others to go and watch it. The economy of the 1940s can be easily divided into two periods: the economy during the war and the economy after the war. After World War II the U. S. economy was drastically altered, the involvement of America in the war boosted the economy uring the war years and set the foundation for the US to become an economic superpower (Vatter, H. G. 1985). One of the most applauding economic achievements by the U. S. during WWII was the elimination of unemployment. During this period, employment went up from 47. 52 million to 53. 96 million, over a 13% increase. Unemployment rates had fallen from 4. 7% in 1942 and declined to 1. 2% in 1944 (Williams, R. M. 1994). This was more a significance because of the diminished labor force caused by the 11 million men and women entering the armed forces during this period. The labor force was one of the main reasons U. S. ndustry was able to meet the great demand in productivity created by the war. Because of the shortages of goods such as, meat, shoes, gasoline, and sugar President Roosevelt and his administration created what was called the Office of Price Administration. This was ordered to hold the line against rising prices and this was successful from April of 1943 to February of 1946, and they were able to hold the annual rate of inflation to only 1. 6% (Williams, R. M. 1994). The U. S. involvement in the war raised the economy to new heights. Over 17 million Jobs were created, industrial production went up, and corporate profits doubled. After the war ended, Americans learned the extent of the Holocaust. Realization of the power of prejudice helped lead to Civil Rights reforms over the next 3 decades. The GI Bill of Rights was passed entitling returning soldiers to a college education. In 1949, there were 3 times as many colleges degrees issued as in 1940, college became available to those who were capable rather the privileged. Being as education was becoming so accessible, in Germany Hitler was eliminating artists whose ideas didnt agree with his. Because of this many of the artists migrated to the US, where they had a huge effect on American artists. One of the art styles hat were popular was abstract expressionism, which showed raw emotions. The art style of abstract expressionism was the first specifically American artistic movement that influenced the world and put New York City at the center of the world (http:// www. learningzoneclass. com/aoatl 1 /beltran/art. html). One of the most famous artists of the 1940s was Paul Jackson Pollock, and one of his most famous art works is Number 5. Like art, music reflected American enthusiasm, and American composers remained more traditional and at the beginning of the decade bands dominated popular music. Radio became the lifeline for Americans in the 1940s. Providing news, music and entertainment, much like television today. Shows included soap operas, government relied heavily on radio for propaganda, and the radio faded and TV became more prominent and accessible, and most popular shows on the radio started to show on TV. TV also had an effect on the food people ate, frozen dinners were invented and they became known as TV dinners. The Jitterbug dance was also developed in the 1940s, and it was the first dance that allowed individual expressionism. Rosie the Riverter was the symbol of the working woman as the men off to war and women were needed to work in factories. Tupperware and aluminum foil became popular in the 1940s as well as a way to ease the postwar housewives burdens, and the slinky was developed in 1945 as a way to keep kids occupied. Fashion was the fad with the most influence and changed the way women would look at clothes. The convertible suit, which is still popular today, was designed for the working woman and carried on until the war ended. Once the war was over, Christian Dior introduced the New look. This look included feminine dresses with long, full skirts, tight waists and comfortable low heeled shoes, which soon swept the country as the new trend (Peacock, 1998). Make up was also socially acceptable and hair was curled very tightly and was shoulder length. With men home from war and back to work, women had more time to focus on themselves, which was exactly what the new look was trying to accomplish. In 1948, Gandhi was assassinated in New Delhi by Hindu fanatic, and Burma and Ceylon was granted independence by Britain. Although World War II dominated the decade of the 1940s another major international event that taking was taking place was the Holocaust, and Jews being put into concentration camps. The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, were the perpetrators of the Holocaust. The Nazis targeted Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovahs witnesses, Communists, twins, and the disabled. Some of these people tried to hide from the Nazis like Anne Frank and her family, some were successful and some were not. Those that were captured suffered sterilization, forced resettlement, separation from family and friends, beatings, tortures, starvation, and/or death (http://www. istoryl 900s. about. com/od/holocaust/tp/ holocaust. htm). The discovery of penicillin in the 1940s revolutionized medicine. Developed first to help the military personnel survive war wounds, it also helped increase survival rates or surgery. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin from a pile of petri dishes in his sink that were growing bact eria. After taking samples of mold he found that it was from the penicillium family, and named it penicillin and found that it was nontoxic and sufficient in treating many types of bacteria harmful to man. Unfortunately, the interest in penicillin did not peak again until World War II, and it was Howard Florey and Ernst Chain who continued the research and found a way to purify, and presented this powerful antibiotic to the world (http:// www. essortment. com/alexander-flemming-discovery-penicillin-40564. tml). In 1943 Fleming was presented the Award of Distinction for his discovery of the miracle drug and of similar award to Dr. Howard W. Florey of Oxford University, in recognition of his pioneer contributions to our knowledge of the value of penicillin as a In 1945 The Journal of Clinical Psychology was founded. In 1999 a study was done to examine the mental and medical health care utilization of World War II survivors and the characteristics of survivors seeking professional health care. Forty seven years after WWII ended, a random sample of 4,057 Dutch WWII survivors answered a our-page questionnaire, and out of that 1,461 of those persons subsequently answered an extensive follow-up questionnaire (Bramsen, Henk, 1999). Twenty two percent had sought some form of health care for war-related complaints at some time since WWII, and most consultations were made in the 1940s. It was found that most consultations were made to general practitioners or to a medical specialist as opposed to mental health specialists. Results showed that 59% of the highly-exposed respondents with posttraumatic stress disorders had not sought professional help in he years of 1990-1992 (Bramsen, Henk, 1999). In a study done by Audrey Rieger to test differences in personality using the Rorschach test that was invented in 1921 by Hermann Rorschach to determine personality characteristics and evaluate emotional health. This study was designed to study personality patterns of certain specific occupational groups as reflected in the individual Rorschach test to determine if differences between such groups do occur and if the differences are meaningful in practical situations (Rieger, 1949). Results showed that personality differences between the occupational groups had some ignificant results, but the Rorschach scores failed to differentiate the groups in practice. Most of the differences appeared to be related to variations in response total. The only important result is the distinction found between those who deal with verbal concepts (mostly administrators and personnel workers) and those who dealt with their hands (supervisors and foremen) (Rieger, 1949). In 1949 David Wechsler published the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. This was used as tools in school placement, determining the presence of a learning disability, or developmental delay. It was also used to identify giftedness among children, and track their intellectual development. In 1946 Lindner, and Gurvitz did a research on the restandardization of the revised beta examination to yield the Wechsler type of Q. The revised Beta examination has been restandardized to accomplish three purposes: the administration and scoring procedures have been improved, the sample of adults upon which new norms were based on were selected to represent the 1940 Census with respect to education and socio-economic status within several groups from twenty years and above (Lindner, Gurvitz, 1946). The standardization lso permitted the securing of Beta IQs which were similar to the IQs on the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. The 1940s was an important decade to study because of the history that took place, which can give us a better understanding of the American and heritage and to appreciate the power and freedom that was enjoyed by this country in the 21st century. This decade produced many different changes in the political, social, and technological aspects of life. World War II was a major factor that influenced all of these aspects throughout the decade. Bramsen, 1. , Van der Ploeg, H. M. (1999). Use of Medical and Mental Health Care by World War II Survivors in the Netherlands. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12(2), 243-261. Rieger, A. F. (1949). The Rorschach test and Occupational Personalities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 33(6), 572-578. 1943, December 14. Discoverer tells penicillin story: Dr. Alexander Fleming speaks from London in broadcast to accept award here. The New York Times, p. 13. 1949, December 23. Radio, Video: CBS color system tests to start Jan 2. Here and in capital. The New York Times, p. 36. Hills, K. (1958, June 10). World War. Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www. academicsearchpremier. com DudenJ. (1989). Timelines: 1940s. 2nd Ed. New York, NY: Crestwood House. Peacock, J. (1998). Fashion sourcebooks: The 1940s. New York, NY: Thames and Hudson. Sullivan, G. (1991). The day Pearl Harbor was bombed. New York, NY: Scholastic. Fyson, N. (1999). World War Two. In D. Marks (Ed. ), World book of Encyclopedia. Uschan, M. (1999). A cultural history of the United States: 1940s. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books. Peterson, J. R. (2010). World War Two. Retrieved from http://cnn. com. Rosenberg, J. (2013). The Holocaust. Retrieved from http://history1900s. about. com/od/holocaust/ tp/holocaust. htm Alexander Fleming and the discovery of Penicillin. Retrieved from ttp://www. essortment. om/alexander-fleming-discovery-penicillin-40564. html. Vatter, H. G. (1985). The U. S. economy in World War II. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Williams, R. M. (1994). The politics of boom and bust in the twentieth century America. St. Paul: West Publishing. The generation to remember: Art of the 1940s. Retrieved from http:// learningzoneclass. com/aoatll/beltran/art. html. The Walt Disne y studios history. Retrieved from http://www. studioservices. go. com/ disneystudios/history. html. Effrat, L. (1947, April 11). Royals star signs with Brooks today. The New York Times, p. 20.

The Life and Achievements of Albert Einstein

The Life and Achievements of Albert Einstein Legendary scientist Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955) first gained worldwide prominence in 1919 after British astronomers verified predictions of Einsteins general theory of relativity through measurements taken during a total eclipse. Einsteins theories expanded upon  universal laws formulated by physicist Isaac Newton in the late seventeenth century. Before EMC2 Einstein was born in Germany in 1879. Growing up, he enjoyed classical music and played the violin. One story Einstein liked to tell about his childhood was when he came across a magnetic compass. The needles invariable northward swing, guided by an invisible force, profoundly impressed him as a child. The compass convinced him that there had to be something behind things, something deeply hidden. Even as a small boy Einstein was self-sufficient and thoughtful. According to one account, he was a slow talker, often pausing to consider what he would say next. His sister would recount the concentration and perseverance with which he would build houses of cards. Einsteins first job was that of patent clerk. In 1933, he joined the staff of the newly created Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He accepted this position for life, and lived there until his death. Einstein is probably familiar to most people for his mathematical equation about the nature of energy,  E MC2. E MC2, Light and Heat The formula  EMC2 is probably the most famous calculation from Einsteins special theory of relativity. The formula basically states that energy (E) equals mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared (2). In essence, it means mass is just one form of energy. Since the speed of light squared is an enormous number, a small amount of mass can be converted to a phenomenal amount of energy. Or if theres a lot of energy available, some energy can be converted to mass and a new particle can be created. Nuclear reactors, for instance, work because nuclear reactions convert small amounts of mass into large amounts of energy. Einstein wrote a paper based on the  new understanding of the structure of light. He argued that light can act as though it consists of discrete, independent particles of energy similar to particles of a gas. A few years before, Max Plancks work had contained the first suggestion of discrete particles in energy. Einstein went far beyond this though and his revolutionary proposal seemed to contradict the universally accepted theory that light consists of smoothly oscillating electromagnetic waves. Einstein showed that light quanta, as he called the particles of energy, could help to explain phenomena being studied by experimental physicists. For example, he explained how light ejects electrons from metals. While there was a well-known kinetic energy theory that explained heat as an effect of the ceaseless motion of atoms, it was Einstein who proposed a way to put the theory to a new and crucial experimental test. If tiny but visible particles were suspended in a liquid, he argued, the irregular bombardment by the liquids invisible atoms should cause the suspended particles to move in a random jittering pattern. This should be observable through a microscope. If the predicted motion is not seen, the whole kinetic theory would be in grave danger. But such a random dance of microscopic particles had long since been observed. With the motion demonstrated in detail, Einstein had reinforced the kinetic theory and created a powerful new tool for studying the movement of atoms.

IMC (INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATION) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IMC (INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATION) - Essay Example Their commitment towards brand building with the dedication of its staff and employees and more so the devotion in terms of time and hard work is something that needs to be understood in the proper perspectives before we delve any further into this equation. The mission of JWT is to recognize the talents of the people who are the very best and nothing less is ever tolerated or compromised upon. It is because of this ideology that JWT has been able to create brands which have broken the clutter; no matter the campaign was of US origin or one that a short term tactical tilt to it, even in Australia. The belief and dependence on time is something that holds a lot of importance for the agency staff and it is apparent from their working regimes as well. The major competitors of JWT in terms of agency work and media buying include McCann Erickson, Saatchi & Saatchi, Foote, Cone and Belding (FCB), Leo Burnett and so on and so forth. [JWT] The current clients of JWT Worldwide include Unilever, Vodafone, HSBC, Ford, Kraft Foods, Shell, Rolex, Reckitt Benckiser, Pfizer, Nestle, Kellogg’s, Domino’s Pizza, Diageo and a host of others. Unilever is handled by JWT in more than seventy nations across the globe and thus it goes to show that the products of Unilever are marketed, advertised and promoted courtesy JWT. [Unilever] Unilever is one of the biggest revenue generating units in the world and more so, within the US and European markets. The efforts and endeavors of Unilever have made their due mark even in the developing markets like India, Pakistan and United Arab Emirates to name a few, where there has been seen tremendous growth. Domino’s Pizza chains are handled by JWT across the United States. It was about a decade back, in the year 1996 that the agency took over the advertising and promotion handling of the pizza chain which at the present times is one of the most developing and promising acros s the foods category

Expand business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Expand business - Essay Example In other words, it is a process of undertaking two or more unrelated product lines for the purpose of diversification. The rationales behind adoption of this concept are: cost advantage by diversifying production activities, maximum utilization of resources and mitigation of risk associated with operations in single market (Wiersema & Bowen, 2008). The only relevance that can be developed among the products is that all four products of the company cover low, mid and high level markets. The luggage line covers the lower section of the market; the writing instruments cover mid-level consumers, while the LED TVs are sold at higher end of the market. Lastly, miscellaneous plastic and paper tags are useful across all kind of markets. In conglomerate diversification, it is difficult to relate diversified products of the same company as a part of same base. However, the brand equity of each product indirectly adds to overall brand equity of the company. Conglomerate diversification is a major growth strategy that brings forward different hidden opportunities that a company can pursue, when market for one of its line of business is saturated. It is important to realize that with product line diversification, a company can achieve greater market share and growth rate within comparatively small period of time. In addition, this is one of the most suited strategies for internationalization. In international venture, most companies pursue two kinds of strategies: horizontal or related integration and conglomerate or unrelated integration. The main advantages of related integration is that the company can continue growing in the same sector by producing or introducing similar or related product under the same branch. The following section focuses on product elimination, when a company switches from unrelated to related diversification strategy (Wan &

Managing and Developing People (Developing People) Essay Example for Free

Managing and Developing People (Developing People) Essay Introduction In this assignment I will be interviewing a member asking for their past experience for undergoing a training programme. I will be researching closely upon aspects * The need for the individual to be on the training programme? * Training method used? * What the cost was? * Any obstacles which made it difficult? These aspects would make the findings for knowing why the member took the training programme and if they gained any skills or knowledge when on the programme. Alongside with what troubles arose when carrying out the training. Interviewee Description The member which I will be interviewing is a 26 year old female called Miss Georgina McDonald who is smart and civilised. She is hard working and likes to socialise with peers and friends. She is able meet deadlines and able to work under pressure when a great load of work is put upon her. The work which Miss Georgina McDonald would train for would be to use the cash machine at Asda. Miss Georgina has had previous skill from her last job where she had to cash up all the finances of her fathers business on a daily basis. She has good numeric qualifications in which will benefit her for any job. Job Role In Miss Georginas previous job she had to cash up all the money which was done in her fathers business and had to input the tight figures so that it couldnt affect the accounts for the business. Her father had made her do the financing as she had the qualifications for maths and was able to count up properly. In Asda the job role which she would want to do is being at the cashing machine as this is one of the good things she is capable of doing. Identifying Reason for being on Training Programme The environment in which everyone does business in is changing constantly, the knowledge and skill needed for the job will also change. The individual to be on the training programme is so she can improve her skill on how to work on the cash machine. Training for using the cash machine is very essential as proper calculations are compulsory. Asda wants to make sure that who ever work in the cashier section is well trained and have no problems being able to carry out tasks on how to manage the cashier. This is taken as one of the important parts in a business as finances can not go wrong. Asda pushes on getting the individual well trained to be able to manage any troubles caused by being able to find out where she has gone wrong. All this matters in training and what they should be taught, what they need to collect how much, they need to give and if they go wrong somewhere how they can cover it. Miss Georgina was given the training as she did not have any cashier skills which would guide her alongside with the job. She had to be given a good level of training so that she could manage a till properly. Miss Georgina had been given the training because she knew without any previous skill or knowledge she would not be able to run a till. There were appraisals with Miss Georgina which helped her with the running and to tell her of any mistakes she was making and setting out objectives for the next appraisal. Description of Training Method For the individual to be on a training programme is so they can handle the work place more efficiently and work with what ever they have been given with best of ability. Usually young people who have left or still studying go on training programmes as it gives them the knowledge and motivation in life. Training methods come useful in the future as it shows what the individual has achieved and what they can offer to the business. Training comes in different form for e.g. * Induction An induction usually is the best way for people getting involved into activities in a new environment. This helps them to know the new place and be familiar with the others. This helps peoples confidence and be able to communicate with members. In Asda it is essential to give a new comer an Induction this is so that they would get familiar with any health and safety aspects and know where any fire exits are located. In many cases induction days are taken so that individuals can get to know the workforce which they in. This helps build confidence and gain a good communication. * Job Shadowing This training method is known as an activity which many organisation make employees do when doing a task. This activity can make an individual carry out a task and make them improve on in by someone senior watching or they could do the task by their own skill and be told what they could do better from improving the method. Asda would not use a job shadow to know what the member is capable of doing and how they would increase the skill by telling them what to do. * Mentoring This method helps individuals to carry out an activity with a senior teaching it. It helps individuals know where they are going wrong and how they can improve it. This helps the individual do the job from its existing skill and if they do it different then expected it would be corrected. Mentoring is a good way of identifying the individuals capability of doing a task and how they can do it. If a senior is to show them how to use a cash machine they would get to know what the functions are for. This method will be appropriate for Asda to do on the individual. * On the Job Training Many businesses usually use the method of training the individual at the work place. This is so that they can work with the resources the have there and also start off with using equipment they have to offer. The trainee is ready to undergo any task at the workplace immediately. When working on the job it is also an advantage to get feedback straight away rather then carrying out a task then being told later on. When the mentoring is done it is possible for the member to get on the job training so that they can work on the equipment at the work place. It is more of a benefit to get training in the real life rather then going somewhere and spending time there. If the member is able to carry the task and get training at the same time this would be less time consuming and not costly at all. * Off the Job Many businesses tend to send there trainees off to another place to learn how to carry out tasks. Resources are used which they offer there and they use them to carry the task. Off the job training also consists of sending an individual off to do a course which they learn at a college or university. Off the job training is worth doing at Asda as this could make the individual gain more experience and skill and carry out the task efficiently. Many times Asda does not send employees on off the job training as this is costly and time consuming. Identifying Training Needs for Trainee The reason for Miss Georgina to be on the training programme is so that she can increase on her productivity for what she is good at. This would make her efficient and comfortable in carrying out a day to day activity. The training needs which will benefit Miss Georgina would be Higher Productivity Efficiency Confident in Numeric Have a high level of Motivation Good future opportunity The reason why Miss Georgina has to be given this training programme is so that she could gain more knowledge on what she is good at. Miss Georgina is not fully qualified and understands the misuse of inappropriate use of calculations, this is why she has been given the opportunity to go on a training programme which she can touch up on and make sure that she dont make silly mistakes. Strength and Weakness The strengths for using the training method on the job training will be a strength as it will help the individual to get a better view of the organisation and who they will working with. This is an advantage because it increases confidence and able to socialise with piers. It builds a family environment when doing this aspect because before they can come in to the real job they would have made friends already. For carrying out an OJT this is a way which the member can increase in skills and be able to forward their knowledge to someone else. Advantages of On The Job Training * Training can be delivered at the optimum time, this means it can immediately perform the task any time in the real world. * The trainee will have the opportunity to practise immediately * Immediate feedback will be provided * Training is delivered to trainee from senior who can integrate the trainee in a team. The Weaknesses in a business will always be the time consuming which effects the running as this is a crucial time in a business. If training programmes are made long it will also effect the costing. A weakness for training a member is that after getting the training from somewhere they usually head off some where better. The weaknesses which Asda could face are Disadvantages for On the Job Training * Too much training can be delivered in one session causing of information overload. * The trainer may not have the right skill and knowledge to teach the trainee with. * If immediate practise is not accompanied by feedback the trainee can feel abandoned after the initial experience. Benefit and Costs for Training The costs for training the individual at Asda will cost nothing as it will be carried out on the job, meaning what every training the member will get will be done in Asda. The reason for this is that it will not cost at all and the individual will be able to stay on the premises that wont need to go off some where else. The benefit for doing this training will be so that the member can increase their knowledge by doing it efficiently and also if they have the opportunity to get promoted they could be able to handle a sector in Asda. The benefit for members to have a training programme is so that they can increase their skills and knowledge in any task they have been specified, also carrying out tasks more efficiently and in a short amount of time. By giving training it helps individuals to cut down on mistakes and blunders made by them. By training it can help health hazards reducing hazards being encountered at the work place. The costs for having training are the cost of materials which may be needed for the process and also the time needed by the members which will be issuing the programme. For training to be carried out it takes up a great deal of time for the leader as they have to make sure what they are teaching the member is relevant to the programme specified. It is also costly when setting up the resources for using on the training area and time is needed for when doing the training. Obstacles for Training Training can be seen in different ways, firstly, the management of the company might see it as a way of making the company more efficient, as well as teaching important skills to employees in order to improve performance. At the same time it can be seen as a way of rewarding hardworking employees with a different environment for a short period of time. On the other hand, employees might look back on their last training session, still trying to work out what exactly it was they learnt from the experience, but nevertheless having enjoyed the change of scenery but hating the pile of work that greeted them on their return. If training is implemented correctly it can bring back great rewards such as greater workplace efficiency, specialised skills and knowledge as well as employee satisfaction. Finally remember that depending on how training is done, it can be very productive and useful or a complete waste of time and money, it can bring teams together or split them apart.

Great Rock Musicians: Their Achievements And Effect On Rock And Roll Es

Great Rock Musicians: Their Achievements and Effect on Rock and Roll The blues are undeniably the roots of early rock and roll. Rock today has mutated so much that the basic blues patterns have been all but lost. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the birth of, and evolution of rock and roll by focusing on three of the arguably greatest rock musicians of the sixties and seventies. The origin of the blues can be traced to the emancipation of the slaves in the rural black areas of the south, where most of the people worked on share- cropping farms. Musically the blues are defined as a 12-bar chord progression, harmonized with the corresponding scales and patterns. The chord progression pattern is four measures of tonic chords followed by two measures of sub- dominate chords, two more measures of tonic chords, one measure of dominate chords, one measure of sub dominate chords, and finally two measures of tonic chords. Blues performers would travel around the south singing about their loss of love and family, and the pains they were forced to endure. The music became popular because nearly every one who heard it could identify with its message. This type of Blues later became known as country blues because it was rooted in rural areas. The Blues became more main stream and popular in the 1920's because of the recording industry coming into existence. More instruments were added such as pianos, organs, and wind instruments. Big Band and Rhythm and Blues stemmed from City Blues. Rock and Roll then stemmed from Rhythm and Blues, in fact, many of the first recorded "Rock" songs where simply white musicians re-recording Rhythm and Blues songs originally written by black artists. It took Bob Dylan 23 years to realize that he wanted to become a rock musician. Bob Dylan, whose birth name was Robert Allen Zimmerman, had a relatively uneventful childhood in a Minnesota mining town. He adopted his pseudonym when he went to the University of Minnesota. "Dylan" came from the Welsh poet Dylan Thomas, with whom Zimmerman was frequently compared in the University folk circles. After leaving the University, Dylan moved to New York's Greenwich Village to follow his folk hero, Woodie Gunthrie. In fact, his main goal of moving to the Village was simply to meet his hero. He not only met the fo... ... Lady Land, which contained his most successful single: Dylan's "All along the Watchtower". Hendrix's most memorable performance was in 1969, at Woodstock, where he played his immortal "Star-spangled Banner", however it is still unclear if he played the song in such an unpatriotic, angry style in protest of the war, or from the pressure from black militant groups. In 1970 Hendrix died from inhaling his own vomit after an intoxication of barbiturates. The debate has never been put to rest over whether it was suicide or carelessness. "Jimi Henrix was and original, and, unlike most great rock musicians suffered no imitators" (Rock Giants). Rock and roll has become one of America's greatest musical culture contributions. Indeed, America would not be the same if it did not have rock and roll. One of the reasons rock has become so great is that rock groups in more present time have tried to follow the highly creative musical standards set by the musicians in this paper. If rock continues to follow the trends set fourth by the greats, Neil Young's lyrics may prove true, "Hey, hey, my, my, rock and roll will never die."

Case Study Product Innovation at Bank of America

BANKING STRATEGIES Case Study: Product Innovation at Bank of America By Cindy Murray What ? nancial institutions can learn from inventions and innovations in other industries. owhere is innovation more essential to survival than in the banking industry. In the payments domain, for example, nonbank competitors less constrained by bank regulations and therefore more agile are changing the banking industry’s grip on the public perception of banks as the only trusted brand for holding and moving money. However, innovation is challenging for banks. Many products, like payments, are a commodity.A vast number of products and a complex infrastructure require continual upgrades to keep apace with technology advancements and comply with evolving regulations and security requirements. This article describes how Bank of America fosters a culture of innovation. Pivotal to an innovative culture is the direct engagement of clients in the innovation process. We highlight some of the ways that Bank of America achieves this. But ? rst we’ll look at the role of innovation process in building brand loyalty. N Build Brand Equity Through Progressive Transformation Change can occur by rede? ning a problem or rede? ing a solution. According to Robert Sternberg, a leading creativity expert,1 creativity is the ability to rede? ne a problem. Innovation can be viewed as the ability to rede? ne a solution. Successful innovation is a process over time—one that typically happens in increments rather than leaps. Rarely is a single innovation a game changer. In banking, 90 percent of innovation focuses on core competencies (that is, business-as-usual innovation), seven percent on game-changing innovation MAY–JUNE 2009 within core competencies and only three percent on leaps that signi? cantly shift the client experience.Outside of banking, an evolutionary approach to innovation is also the rule, not the exception. Continual improvements throughout a product’s life cycle build brand equity. Take the case of Nabisco’s Oreo cookie, the bestselling cookie in the United States. In 1912, Nabisco came up with the idea of two chocolate disks with cream ? lling in between. Since then it has released Double Stuff cookies with more ? lling; fudge-covered Oreos; holiday cookies, including Halloween and Christmas cookies; bite-sized Oreos for children; and reduced-fat Oreos. Oreos illustrate two important aspects of product innovation.First, Nabisco stayed close to its customers. It understood how needs varied among consumers and changed over time. The company developed its product to meet the needs of a continually broader set of consumers. Second, the example illustrates an incremental approach to innovation that focuses on advancing core products. The iPod was at once the next step in an evolutionary process and also a creative leap. This product integrated a number of capabilities in a portable device, but it was not the ? rst MP3 player. However, the concept of iTunes was a new business model that changed the way consumers could store and listen to music.The iPod was transformative, too, because it aligned with changing consumer behavior re? ected in trends of mobility and customization. Technology enabled a tipping point. Consumers were ready to embrace a leap. Cindy Murray is Head of Product Innovation at Bank of America. Contact her at cindy. [email  protected] com. COMMERCIAL LENDING REVIEW 35 Banking Strategies way that stays close to customers’ evolving needs. For example, through ethnographic research, we discovered a common practice among consumers of rounding up when writing checks. We took the idea of rounding up and turned it on its head—rede? ing Innovation is a process over time—an evolutionary the problem by associating payments with savings. path. An incremental approach to innovation mirrors How can we foster increased saving? With Keep the the gradual way in which people chan ge. Consumer Change, each time a customer pays using a Bank of behavior tends to change gradually. Successful innovation is customer driven. It gets as America check card, the bank rounds the payment close as possible to the customer’s current process. to the nearest dollar and transfers the extra change A deep understanding of how customers operate to the customer’s savings account. oday—and why they do what they do—gives inNow, instead of check writers rounding up, the sight into how to improve the process; how to create bank does it for them—but in a way that builds their a step forward for the customer. savings. The solution also facilitates increased use of Further, by directly engaging customers in the indebit cards, thereby supporting retailers’ efforts to novation process, they become deeply committed discourage check payments. It was also a timely soluto, and invested in, a solution, which took advantage tion’s evolutionary p ath. f evolving consumer beThis makes innovation a havior toward increased primary differentiator, ancard usage. Change can occur by rede? ning a other way of creating value Ethnographic research problem or rede? ning a solution. for customers by enriching has also been key to improvtheir experience and reining our electronic banking forcing loyalty over time. platform, CashPro, over Staying close to the customer is one of the most importime. For example, we designed an enhancement based tant attributes of a successful innovation process. on a typical client work ? ow for handling exceptions.By closely watching how 15 companies were posting their receivables, we identi? ed a common practice of Get Close to the Customer placing a sticky note on invoices when they did not match payment. Staff would then fax an invoice to At Bank of America, customers play a key role at the salesperson to inquire about the discrepancy. We every stage of the product innovation process. There incorporate d an electronic sticky note with email capaare a number of ways in which we directly engage bility in CashPro, so that clients could maintain their our customers throughout product development. ork-? ow process in the online environment. We use a range of formal techniques for idea generation. Formal techniques focus on gaining deepened client insight and are important when Amplify the we have limited information about an opportunity Voice of the Customer and the related customer need. Formal idea mining typically requires expertise through our internal innovation group or external specialized vendors. CashPro is a great example both of innovating in Ethnographic research is an important tool for increments to improve a product over time and of engenerating innovation ideas.Observation provides gaging clients in an evolutionary innovation process. insight into customer behavior and needs. ReturnWith CashPro, we established a customer advisory ing to the Oreo example, the idea for a bite-sized board, which has been closely involved in the prodcookie began to germinate when Nabisco researchers uct’s development. With CashPro, the innovation watched young children grapple with dunking the process becomes part of the client experience, thereby full-sized cookie in smaller cups. increasing customer satisfaction.For example, with Ethnographic research helps Bank of America CashPro, clients prefer self-service for upgrades. understand how to advance our core products in a They are fully vested in the change process. Engage Clients in the Evolutionary Path 36 COMMERCIAL LENDING REVIEW MAY–JUNE 2009 Banking Strategies Our strategic client program, Treasury Exchange, At the other end of the spectrum, responsibility serves to amplify our voice of the customer research. for innovation can be centralized in a shared serClients are long-term program members in senior vice center.At Bank of America, we have dedicated treasury and/or ? nance roles within their o rganizastaff focused on game-changing innovations. At tions. They meet regularly—at frequencies varying the same time, our entire organization recognizes from once per quarter to yearly. The program enables the importance of ongoing process improvement participants to share insights on best practices and and enhancements. learn from each other, while helping us to better understand their challenges and needs. A detailed executive Work with Peers summary that identi? s key discussion themes helps pinpoint areas for deepening discussion and exploraTo maintain a competitive edge, banks increasingly tion. Conference calls exploring priority topics serve will look for ways to work with clients, technolas touch points between in-person meetings. ogy companies and other ? nancial institutions We also look to Treasury Exchange members to to combine strengths. For example, in May 2008, validate and ? esh out new product ideas and to Bank of America announced a partnership with provide validation at points in the product develWells Fargo called Pariter Solutions LLC.The opment cycle. Treasury 50-50 joint venture will Exchange members have operate the commercialsubmitted innovation ized ACH platform that ideas under the auspices will be leveraged by the An incremental approach to of the program. Customer two banks. The goal is to innovation mirrors the gradual way advisory boards and spegain economies of scale in which people change. cial client programs like and better position both Treasury Exchange augbanks to develop future ment our extensive voice products with a single of the customer research. nvestment in the underlying processing engine instead of duplicative investments. It’s a platform for growth and innovation. Cultivate a Culture of Innovation It’s important to be open to ideas from all sources. That’s part of cultivating a culture of innovation. At Bank of America, all associates are invited to collaborate in the innovation proce ss. For example, associates can submit their ideas online via IdeasZone, an internal intranet site. These ideas are funneled into the idea stream and receive equal attention within our innovation process.Collaborate with Technology Innovators In banking, technology is an enabler of innovation. Therefore, it’s important that banks collaborate with their technology providers. Bank of America’s collaboration with Microsoft is a great example of how we work with technology companies to develop innovative applications. Cash positioning and forecasting continue to be key client challenges. We spoke with clients to determine how they perform cash positioning and forecasting. Treasurers might use a treasury workstation, an Excel spreadsheet or a combination of tools.However, treasurers who rely on treasury workstations typically supplement their process with an Excel spreadsheet. Our research also con? rmed that many clients have dif? culty building a historical database of in formation for trend analysis to support forecasting. COMMERCIAL LENDING REVIEW Foster Employees There are different options for organizational structure to foster an innovative environment. At Google, it’s part of everyone’s job to innovate. There is a decentralized approach to innovation in which all employees are engaged and given incentives.It’s built into their objectives and re? ected in their salary increases and bonuses. MAY–JUNE 2009 37 Banking Strategies Bank of America worked with Microsoft to develop CashPro Accelerate. This tool accepts information feeds across all of a client’s bank accounts and automates the cash-positioning process. It also builds a historical database that clients can use for forecasting. Keep Moving Forward â€Å"I am not discouraged, because every wrong attempt discarded is another step forward. †Ã¢â‚¬â€Thomas Edison With an inventor’s mind-set, the idea of failure is a fallacy.Some who know best ha ve even looked at failures as a continual path forward. Besides being the still-unrivaled record holder of 1,093 U. S. patents, Thomas Edison broadened the concept of the invention to what’s known today as â€Å"innovationinvention,† R & D and commercialization. 3 Innovative companies ? nd ways to leverage new insights to keep moving forward. The creation of 3M Post-it notes is a classic story of turning failure on its head and using creativity to rede? ne a problem. Spencer Silver was working on developing a strong adhesive but invented a weak one instead.Silver’s colleague Arthur Fry came up with a novel application for the weak adhesive, which became the basis for Post-it notes—a new vehicle for communication—which Bank of America used in its CashPro innovation. Sometimes the leap is in how we look at things. Build a Brain Trust In a September 2008 issue of H ARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, Ed Catmull, cofounder of Pixar and the president of Pixar and D isney Animation Studios, talked about how Pixar fosters collective creativity. One of Pixar ’s core operating principles is that, â€Å"We must stay close to innovations happening in the academic community. 2 It’s part of the company’s effort to eliminate boundaries between different disciplines. Earlier this year, Bank of America and MIT’s Media Laboratory announced the creation of the Center for Future Banking. Over the next ? ve years, Bank of America will contribute $3 million to $5 million annually. The center is a prototype for how business and academia can work together to invent the future of an entire industry. It will bring together researchers with radically different perspectives, including behavioral economists, social scientists, computer scientists, psychologists, designers and others.The goal is to trigger unexpected new ideas that lead to innovation leaps in banking. Test, Learn, Evolve This inventor mentality is at the heart of our test and-learn environment, in which we deploy an initial solution design to get ? rsthand feedback from clients on its usability and value. At this stage, the intent is to address any issues or opportunities in the next iteration of the design. The process enables us to evolve our product design before we get to the pilot stage. As an iterative process, the test-andlearn environment is a microcosm of the broader innovation process focused at a certain point in the development process.The Intelligent Cash Manager, a new end-to-end Bank of America solution, gives a live example of the test-and-learn approach. The solution concept germinated in a series of Treasury Exchange meetings, where clients identi? ed cash handling and deposit as a major pain point. It’s an ATM-like machine that counts cash, accepts it for deposit and provides safekeeping. An issue related to jamming surfaced in the test-and-learn environment, which will inform a solution redesign. MAY–JUNE 2009 Choose Winning Concepts Vetting ideas and building a business case are key steps in the innovation process.Bank of America uses a scoring technique as part of our process for vetting ideas. Scoring criteria include whether a concept matches to plan objectives, whether it has wide applicability, its level of innovativeness and complexity and the potential magnitude of its impact. At Bank of America, for example, out of 919 ideas received this year, 10 have been submitted for funding in 2009. Building a business case is a key step. An effective business case must describe the opportunity and its alignment with strategy and also describes the target client and market within the context of the competitive landscape.Finally, it outlines the proposed approach, the risk and the ? nancial opportunity. 38 COMMERCIAL LENDING REVIEW Banking Strategies Storyboarding is a creative technique used in the early stage of ? lmmaking. Storyboarding can help speed time-to-market. By not building the entire p roduct—but rather using storyboards and prototypes in a test-and-learn environment—we retain ? exibility even as we move further into the product-development process. Flexibility enables us to prioritize the most important features and integrate feedback and new insights from customers.It helps us to make smart choices with our investment dollars as products take more tangible form. The Next Leap in the Innovation Process The ability to synthesize information into insights will be an increasingly important part of creating a valuable client experience—not only banks connecting to customers—but of customers connecting to each other for insight. Incubation and the cross-fertilization of ideas are important to the creative process. Bank of America is integrating online networking into its innovation process. For example, we are connecting participants in the Treasury Exchange program to an online forum.Our long-term vision is to link our various Treasury Exc hange client groups—which are based on industry, function and geography—into a clientcentric global collaborative network. We also plan to introduce online ideation as a way to collaborate with Treasury Exchange participants on innovation. More broadly, the idea of integrating social networking into the bank’s innovation process holds tremendous promise. With our consumer base of 59 million households, social networking can be a powerful tool for engaging customers ? rsthand in product development. hen the next step integrates multiple aspects to transform the end-to-end client experience. To cite an earlier example, the iPod integrates communication speed, mobility and storage capacity. All of these come together, along with consumer readiness for change and the introduction of the iTunes business model. Within the banking realm, clients increasingly want banking solutions to integrate into their flow—whether flow constitutes, for example, a mobile consu mer or the workflow related to a treasurer’s broader financial processes.The need to integrate payments in the broader customer experience will involve mobile technology in some form and the analysis of information to provide insight. For corporate customers, banks are already delivering time-sensitive information to personal digital assistants (PDAs) and cell phones. Information analysis and synthesis could help treasurers to improve broader ? nancial processes (for example, accounts payable or receivable), help optimize working capital and minimize cost and use payment information to deepen insight into customer behavior.We are already seeing merchants, for example, use consumer payment information to tailor coupons to a customer ’s buying preferences. Banks can deliver robust information to consumers, for example, to help them weigh product features and engage in ? nancial planning to evaluate a purchase within a desired spending budget. Perhaps, ultimately, clients will want to take their bank accounts with them, storing virtual money inside their mobile phones. Banks have an opportunity to reassert their unique role as the trusted brand in storing and moving money.Innovation will be critical to our success. What Might Be the Next Leap in Banking? Successful innovation continuously improves aspects of the customer’s experience. Leaps occur Endnotes 1 2 3 Professor at Tufts University; research focuses on creativity. How Pixar Fosters Collective Creativity, HARVARD BUS. REV. , Sept. 2008, at 71. The Edison Papers, http://edison. rutgers. edu/biogrphy. htm. MAY–JUNE 2009 COMMERCIAL LENDING REVIEW 39 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.